General Biology I (BIO 1030) Columbia Southern University

Unit I Journal

Instructions

Chapter 1 is an introduction to biology and this course. A number of concepts and topics were introduced in this chapter. Which topic do you find the most interesting? Make sure you explain why you picked this topic and how it relates to the real word.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit I Assessment

Question 1

Match the following to the term or description.

o      Question Correct Match Selected Match A eukaryotic domain N. Protista N. Protista The entire planet A. Biosphere A. Biosphere Large complex molecules D. Macromolecules D. Macromolecules Composes all living things L. Cells L. Cells The variable that is left unaltered J. Control J. Control Breeding animals to produce certain characteristics G. Artificial selection G. Artificial selection A major unifying theme of biology K. Structure determines function K. Structure determines function Form of information in living systems E. DNA E. DNA Structures with the same evolutionary origin, but now differ in structure and function C. Homologous C. Homologous All populations of a particular organism F. Species F. Species

Question 2

	Put the steps of the scientific method in order from beginning to end.
	Correct Answer Selected Answer 1. Observation 1. Observation 2. Question 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 4. Experiment 5. Predict 5. Predict

Question 3

You examine a cell under a microscope and determine that the cell is very small and does not contain a nucleus. The cell would most likely be classified as:

Selected Answer: bacteria. Correct Answer: bacteria.

Question 4

	Based on hierarchical levels of biological organization, which represents the lowest level?
	Selected Answer: The cardiovascular system Correct Answer: The cardiovascular system

Question 5

	After Darwin concluded his voyage on the Beagle, he proposed that the process of natural selection was a mechanism for:
	Selected Answer: evolution. Correct Answer: evolution.

Question 6

	All living organisms possess:
	Selected Answer: DNA. Correct Answer: DNA.

Question 7

	If you were to design a long-term research study to determine why there are no human births in Lapland during the months of August, September, and October, you would need to also examine a comparison population of humans in which births took place every month. The primary reason for including a comparison population within the design of this experiment would be to:
	Selected Answer: act as a control that would ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable. Correct Answer: act as a control that would ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable.

Unit I Homework

Instructions

Introduction

You constantly make observations and apply the steps of the scientific method in your daily life. For this assignment, you will conduct a small study in which you will implement the steps of the scientific method. You will follow the steps of the scientific method listed in Chapter 1 of the textbook to complete your study. You may pick any topic that you want. While you are actually conducting the scientific study, you are not doing a literature review of information. You will collect your own data, analyze your data, and draw conclusions.

The following is an example of simple scientific study. You may not use this as your assignment.

• Observation: There are different colors of candies in your candy packet.
• Hypothesis: There are more blue candies than red candies.
• Data collection: Record the number of each candy color.
• Analysis: Analyze your data and draw conclusions.

Other topics could be different types of commercials during specific programs or what brand of macaroni and cheese your family likes.

The materials you will use will vary depending upon the topic. You will have to create a data table and a graph. More information on how to conduct these can be found in the suggested unit resources for Unit I.

Directions

Include the data tables and graphs within one Word document as well as your responses to the following questions:

Include the following:

1. What is your observation?
2. What are the variables and control?
3. What is your question?
4. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses?
5. In at least 75 words, describe how you will conduct your experiment to test your hypothesis. Make sure you include specific information.
6. Collect your data, and include a data table.
7. Include a graph of your data.
8. In at least 100 words, analyze your data and draw conclusions.

Your homework must be at least one page in length; however, the exact length will depend on any charts of graphs used. APA is not a requirement for this assignment.

Unit II Journal

Instructions

It is often a misconception of students that the terms atoms and elements are synonymous in meaning. Why do you think students get these terms confused, and how could you explain the difference? (Hint: understand what an isotope is and use it to explain the difference.) What connection do you see between atoms and molecules and your daily life?

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit II Lab Assignment

Instructions

In addition to the lesson portion of this course, you will also conduct three virtual labs. The first lab activity will cover lab safety. There are a number of lab safety rules that must be followed in any laboratory setting. Lab safety ensures your safety and the safety of your lab partners. Make sure you read all information in this lab because you will continue to apply the safety skills in future labs.

Before beginning the lab, review the Lab Safety Guide that outlines navigational tips and other helpful information.

Lab Safety Guide PDF

Please note that these labs are not compatible with Internet Explorer. Additionally, you are encouraged to view the Labster tutorial available in the lab. This tutorial provides tips on how to use the lab and its features.

Unit II Assessment

Question 1

	Match the following key term to its example.
	o      Question Correct Match Selected Match Carbohydrates H. Glycogen H. Glycogen Lipids J. Saturated fat J. Saturated fat Proteins F. Chaperone A. Organelle Nucleic Acids I. DNA I. DNA Protons C. +1 C. +1 Neutrons B. +1 B. +1 Electrons D. -1 D. -1 Ionic bond E. NaCl E. NaCl Covalent bond K. CH4 K. CH4 Hydrogen bond G. Water G. Water

Question 2

	Considering your knowledge of carbohydrates, evaluate the use of chitin as a component of health foods. Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

Question 3

	List and explain the three characteristics of water that would help an organism survive in the desert. Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

Question 4

	What four elements constitute over 96% of the weight of the human body?
	Selected Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Correct Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 5

	An atom has an atomic number of 13 and an atomic mass of 26.982. How many protons does the atom have?
	Selected Answer: 13 Correct Answer: 13

Question 6

	Some plant fertilizers come in the variety referred to as 10-10-10. This means, the fertilizer contains an equal percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Phosphorus is important for the plants to produce:
	Selected Answer: DNA. Correct Answer: DNA.

Question 7

	It is important that the pH of the blood remain between 7.35 and 7.45. Excess hydrogen ions can be absorbed by bicarbonate ions to maintain normal pH levels. When this occurs, bicarbonate is acting as a(n) ________ in the blood.
	Selected Answer: buffer Correct Answer: buffer

Question 8

	Some isotopes emit significant amounts of energy because they are unstable. These isotopes are referred to as:
	Selected Answer: radioactive. Correct Answer: radioactive.

Unit III Journal

Instructions

If you were marooned on an island surrounded by saltwater, would it help to drink a little saltwater to help keep you hydrated until help arrived? Explain your answers using terminology associated with osmosis.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit III Assessment

Question 1

	Glucose must enter the cell in order to be utilized for energy. Which process allows glucose to cross the cell membrane and enter the cell?
	Selected Answer: Facilitated diffusion Correct Answer: Facilitated diffusion

Question 2

	Turgor pressure in plants occurs because most plant cells are __________ to their environment.
	Selected Answer: hypertonic Correct Answer: hypertonic

Question 3

	In previous units, you learned that a word ending in the suffix -ase is often an enzyme. Some snake venom contains the enzyme phospholipase. This enzyme is dangerous to human cells because it would break down the:
	Selected Answer: cell membrane. Correct Answer: cell membrane.

Question 4

	If the nucleolus of a cell malfunctioned, what cell function would be most impaired?
	Selected Answer: Protein synthesis Correct Answer: Protein synthesis

Question 5

	The interlocking mechanism of a Zip-Lock bag that blocks substances from leaving the bag, would most closely resemble which of the following cell junctions?
	Selected Answer: Tight junctions Correct Answer: Tight junctions

Question 6

	Match the following cell structure to the correct definition.
	o      Question Correct Match Selected Match Generates ATP in all eukaryotic cells H. Mitochondria G. Chloroplasts Cell supporting structures I. Cytoskeleton I. Cytoskeleton Digests worn out cell particles J. Lysosomes J. Lysosomes Site of protein synthesis D. Ribosome D. Ribosome Command center of the cell L. Nucleus L. Nucleus Allow for locomotion of a cell C. Flagella C. Flagella Contain catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide B. Peroxisomes B. Peroxisomes Stores water in plant cells A. Central vacuole A. Central vacuole The post office of the cell K. Golgi apparatus K. Golgi apparatus Semifluid matrix F. Cytoplasm F. Cytoplasm

Question 7

	You found an organism in your yard and you are trying to figure out what type of organism it is. First, you have to determine if it is a eukaryote or a prokaryote. What characteristics would you look for to classify your organism? Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

Question 8

	Pretend you determined the organism in the previous question was a eukaryote. Explain how you would determine if the organism is a plant or animal? Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

Question 9

	Before people started questioning what they saw, it was assumed that since frogs hop out of ponds, frogs must come from mud. We now know this is a myth. Use your knowledge of the cell theory to explain why this is a myth. Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

Unit III Annotated Bibliography

Instructions

Pick a genetic disorder that is a result of a single-trait. Find articles that answer questions concerning your chosen type of genetic disorder. This assignment will help you organize the sources that you will use in the Unit VI Research Paper. An annotated bibliography consists of two parts: the reference section in APA format, followed by the summary for that reference.

Your sources should address the following topics to be included in the Unit VI Research Paper:

• What is a single-trait genetic disorder?
• Describe the single-trait genetic disorder you selected.
• State whether it is a dominant or recessive disorder.
• State whether it is sex-linked or autosomal recessive disorder.
• Describe symptoms, diagnosis, and prognosis.
• Discuss treatment options, including medicines/alternative treatments.
• Discuss incidence rate or statistics.
• Identify resources that you would use if you or someone you knew had this type of genetic disorder.
• What can be done to reduce the incidence rates?
• What are other interesting facts?

Create an annotated bibliography following the structure given in the example:

• Annotated Bibliography Example
• Find four to six current sources (published within the last 5 years).
• Note that the reference citations are in alphabetical order.
• Summaries do not include opinion but rather a short synopsis of the article with no direct quotes. End your summary with one or two sentences on why that source was selected and how it is of value to your research topic. Each summary must be at least 50 words in length.

You must use at least two articles from any of the CSU Online Library databases to create your annotated bibliography. The remaining sources may include the textbook and credible websites other than Wikipedia. Adhere to APA Style when constructing this assignment, including in-text citations and references for all sources that are used.

Your annotated bibliography must be at least two pages in length. You will not be writing the actual research paper in this unit. You will just be creating and submitting an annotated bibliography.

Unit IV Journal

Instructions

Have you ever used one of the numerous gimmicks, such as pills, exercise machines, and clothing that claim to magically “melt” fat from your body? If so, what was your experience? If not, explain why you made that decision. Using the knowledge you gained about energy, explain why such claims are myths.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit IV Assessment

Question 1

	When the final electron acceptor during the energy harvesting process is an organic molecule, what is the process called?
	Selected Answer: Fermentation Correct Answer: Fermentation

Question 2

	During what stage of the energy harvesting process is CO2 produced?
	Selected Answer: Krebs cycle Correct Answer: Krebs cycle

• Question 3

0 out of 5 points

	Light-dependent reactions generate:
	Selected Answer: ATP and NADPH. Correct Answer: O2, ATP, and NADPH.

Question 4

	Atom X gained an electron during a chemical reaction. The atom that lost the electron is said to be:
	Selected Answer: oxidized. Correct Answer: oxidized.

Question 5

	The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What aspect of photosynthesis provides the carbon atoms?
	Selected Answer: Carbon dioxide Correct Answer: Carbon dioxide

Question 6

	Match the following terms to their definitions or examples.
	o      Question Correct Match Selected Match Autotroph A. Self-feeders A. Self-feeders Kinetic energy B. Energy in motion B. Energy in motion Endergonic C. Reaction that requires energy input. C. Reaction that requires energy input. Metabolism D. The total of all chemical reactions by organisms. D. The total of all chemical reactions by organisms. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) E. The energy currency of cells. E. The energy currency of cells. The Calvin cycle F. Process in which carbon fixation occurs. F. Process in which carbon fixation occurs. Chlorophyll a G. The main photosynthetic pigment in plants. G. The main photosynthetic pigment in plants. Fermentation H. The process when pyruvate is reduced to lactate by muscles. H. The process when pyruvate is reduced to lactate by muscles. Acetyl-CoA I. Formed by the oxidation of pyruvate. I. Formed by the oxidation of pyruvate. Photosystems J. Clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigments. J. Clusters of chlorophyll and accessory pigments.

Question 7

	Place the following events of aerobic respiration in order from beginning to end.
	Correct Answer Selected Answer 1. Glucose is converted into pyruvate. 1. Glucose is converted into pyruvate. 2. Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA. 2. Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA. 3. Two molecules of CO2, one ATP, and four pairs of electrons are produced. 3. Two molecules of CO2, one ATP, and four pairs of electrons are produced. 4. Electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain. 4. ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP. 5. ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP. 5. Electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain.

Question 8

	In your own words, explain why most plants appear green. Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

Question 9

	Using the concepts of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, explain why a person can only perform an all-out sprint for only about 30 seconds but another person could jog or walk for hours. Your response must be at least 75 words in length.

Unit V Journal

Instructions

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Which do you think is more important to biology and your life? Explain your answer.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit V Lab Assignment

Instructions

This is the second of three labs in the course. This is a meiosis lab where you will view gametes using a light microscope. You will work with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gain an understanding for the principles of fertilization and meiosis. You will also gain an understanding for the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Before beginning the lab, review the Meiosis Lab Guide that outlines navigational tips and other helpful information.

Meiosis Lab Guide PDF

Please note: These labs are not compatible with Internet Explorer. Additionally, you are encouraged to view the Labster tutorial available in the lab. This tutorial provides tips on how to use the lab and its features.

Unit V Assessment

Question 1

	If you looked under a microscope and noticed that all of the chromosomes were aligned across the equator of the cell, you would assume the cell is in which phase of mitosis?
	Selected Answer: Metaphase Correct Answer: Metaphase

Question 2

	Of the following cells, which would you expect to have the longest cell cycle?
	Selected Answer: A typical mammalian cell Correct Answer: Liver cells

Question 3

	Homologous pairing of chromosomes is specific to:
	Selected Answer: meiosis. Correct Answer: meiosis.

Question 4

	If a somatic cell contains 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would the gamete of that organism contain?
	Selected Answer: 12 Correct Answer: 6

Question 5

	Which of the following represents the correct order of events of mitosis?
	Selected Answer: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Correct Answer: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 6

	Match the term to the correct definition.
	o      Question Correct Match Selected Match S phase B. DNA is replicating B. DNA is replicating Cytokinesis K. Division of the cytoplasm K. Division of the cytoplasm Diploid M. 2n M. 2n Checkpoint I. Delay or halt in the cell cycle I. Delay or halt in the cell cycle Oncogenes A. Cause malignant mutations A. Cause malignant mutations Crossing over C. DNA exchange between nonsister chromatids C. DNA exchange between nonsister chromatids Meiosis G. A reductive division of cells G. A reductive division of cells Gametes J. Egg and sperm J. Egg and sperm Somatic cells E. Body cells E. Body cells Sexual reproduction L. Reproduction that involves meiosis L. Reproduction that involves meiosis

Unit VI Journal

Instructions

If one of your parents had Huntington’s disease, would you want to be tested? In your answer, explain this disease. Also, explain why you would or would not want to be tested.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit VI Research Paper

Instructions

Write a research paper about the single-trait genetic disorder you selected in Unit III Annotated Bibliography and include the information listed below.

• Include a thesis statement that clearly and concisely states the paper’s purpose.
• Describe the single-trait genetic disorder you selected.
• State whether it is a dominant or recessive disorder.
• State whether it is sex-linked or autosomal recessive disorder.
• State the genotype or possible genotypes of a person with the disorder.
• Relate the genotype to phenotype of a person with the disorder and define phenotype.
• Describe the symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis.
• Discuss treatment options, including medicines/alternative treatments.
• Describe incidence rate or statistics.
• Describe what can be done to reduce the incidence rates.
• Include a Punnett square of the parents that could produce offspring with the disorder.
• Include the ratios of each genotype and phenotype produced by the cross.

Within your discussion of the above items, include definitions for the terms listed below:

• single-trait genetic disorder,
• dominant and recessive,
• sex-linked trait and autosomal disorder,
• genotype and phenotype, and
• heterozygous and homozygous.

Include any other interesting facts.

Your research paper must be at least three full pages in length and include an introduction, a body with a review and discussion of literature, and a conclusion. Please include an APA formatted title page. You are required to cite at least two peer-reviewed references, and two of your own choosing, for a minimum of four references. One source must be from the CSU Online Library. You are encouraged to use the references from the Unit III Annotated Bibliography assignment, but it is not a requirement. For more information on locating sources, view the following tutorial:

How to Find Peer-Reviewed Resources

Adhere to APA Style when constructing this assignment, including in-text citations and references for all sources that are used.

Unit VII Journal

Instructions

The use of stem cell research is discussed in Chapter 17. It is mentioned that there has been some success with stem cell therapies in treating damaged heart tissue from heart attacks. It is also mentioned that such research is timely and costly. Considering that heart disease is still the number one killer in the U.S, would you recommend extra efforts be focused on this area of research? Make sure you explain your comments by using terms from the unit and course and explain the differences between embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit VII Lab Assignment

Instructions

This is the third and final virtual lab for the course. In this lab, you will utilize biotechnology to help solve a murder. You will gain an understanding of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). You will collect and analyze blood samples in order to isolate DNA to solve the crime.

Before beginning the lab, review the PCR Lab Guide that outlines navigational tips and other helpful information.

PCR Lab Guide PDF

Please note that these labs are not compatible with Internet Explorer. Additionally, you are encouraged to view the Labster tutorial available in the lab. This tutorial provides tips on how to use the lab and its features.

Unit VII Assessment

Question 1

	During DNA replication, one new strand is produced and one parental strand remains intact. This is referred to as what type of replication?
	Selected Answer: Semi-conservative Correct Answer: Semi-conservative

Question 2

	Which combination of nitrogenous bases makes up the start codon on the genetic code?
	Selected Answer: AUG Correct Answer: AUG

Question 3

	Based on Chargaff's rule, if a strand of DNA contained 20% adenine, how much of the strand would be made up of guanine?
	Selected Answer: 80% Correct Answer: 30%

Question 4

	The RNA transcript used to direct the synthesis of polypeptides is:
	Selected Answer: mRNA Correct Answer: mRNA

Question 5

	Retroviruses such as HIV use reverse transcriptase to:
	Selected Answer: convert RNA to DNA Correct Answer: convert RNA to DNA

Question 6

	Match the term to the definition.
	o      Question Correct Match Selected Match Purine G. Base with a two-ringed structure G. Base with a two-ringed structure DNA polymerase E. Links nucleotides together to make new strand E. Links nucleotides together to make new strand Point mutation B. Mutation that alters a single base B. Mutation that alters a single base Silent mutation A. Mutation that still codes for the original amino acid A. Mutation that still codes for the original amino acid Translocation D. A piece of one chromosome breaks off and joins another chromosome D. A piece of one chromosome breaks off and joins another chromosome

Unit VIII Journal

Instructions

As a living organism, all aspects of biology directly relate to humans and their relationships with other living organisms as well as non-living organisms. In this course, we discussed many biological concepts. Pick one concept that was discussed in the course, and summarize how you feel that concept can be applied to your life or career. Make sure you include adequate detail to relate the concept to your life, specifically, and include examples related to the course.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit VIII Exam (Available upon request)